Texture
A texture is an image file usually applied to surfaces in maps, or to models. They are usually in either the .jpg or .tga formats. Shaders can be applied to textures for various visual effects.
In Mapping
Textures for use in maps can be found in the various sub-folders of the "textures" folder. JKA's base textures can be found within assets1.pk3.
For a texture to be displayed as part of a map it must have dimensions which are powers of two (an integer multiplied by two) such as 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, etc.